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yabancı dil sınav taktikleri
1- ASLA CÜMLELERİ ÇEVİRİ DAHİL TÜRKÇEYE ÇEVİRMEYİN.
2- KELİME SORULARINDA KESİNLİKLE ÖNCELİKLE BOŞLUK ÖNÜ VE SONUNA BAKIN.
3- PARAGRAFLARDA ASLA YORUM YAPMAYIN. ESKİDEN BEN ÖNCE PARAGRAFI TAMAMEN ANLAMAYA ÇALIŞIP, AKLIMDA KALANLA SORUYU ÇÖZMEYE ÇALIŞIYORDUM HEP HATA OLUYORDU.ŞİMDİ SEÇENEKLERİN EŞANLAMLILARINI ARAYIP BULUYORUM % 100 DOÐRUYU VERİYOR.
4- ANLATIMI BOZAN CÜMLEDE PARAGRAFIN KAHRAMANI, DÜŞÜNCESİ VE SINIRINI İYİ ANLAYIN.
5- EN İYİÖÐRENME ÖÐRETMEKTEN GEÇER UNUTMAYIN.
GOLDEN RULES FOR KPDS
As known, there are 9 parts in KPDS;
A. VOCABULARY AND STRUCTURE,
B. SENTENCE COMPLETION,
C. TRANSLATION,
D. PARAGRAPH COMPLETION,
E. IRRELEVANT SENTENCES,
F. SITUATIONS,
G. DIALOG COMPLETION,
H. RESTATEMENTS,
İ. READING COMPREHENSION.
Here you will find vital clues for KPDS regarding each part.
[B]A. VOCABULARY AND STRUCTURE[/B]
There are 25 questions in this part so we cannot ignore its importance of this
part.
v Pay special attention to structural clues.
In structural clues we must know the meaning of prefixes and suffixes that help us to
guess the meaning of a word. Also, there are some main roots in English. We can guess the meaning of a word which is formed up by a known root.
v Also pay attention to contextual clues.
Punctuation, standart statements, and synonyms help us guess the meaning of the word
given in the question.
v Pay attention to prepositions.
Especially in phrasal verbs, we can find the preposition according to the main verb.
v Make use of the other questions placed on the other parts.
Asked words may take place in the other questions. We can guess the meaning of the of
the asked words according to the usage of the word.
v Pay attention to time adverbs and time harmony releated with the modals.
v Pay attention to tense harmony.
There are usually two blanks in the given sentence . According to the alternatives you
can eliminate the ones which do not provide Past Tense – Past Tense , Present Tense – Present Tense and Present Tense – Future Tense aggrement .
v Evaluate the prepositions with the functions of place, time, purpose etc.
v Determine the relation between sentences in the conjuction questions.
v Eliminate the wrong alternatives firstly while answering the tag questions.
v Sometimes some words sounds better than the others. And this alternative will be sometimes true.
B. SENTENCE COMPLETION
There are 10 questions in this part.
v Determine which kind of relation needs to be found between the sentences according to the conjuction given in the question or in the alternatives.
v In adverb clauses pay attention to the time harmony.
v Pay attention to the relative pronouns.
Relative pronouns given before blank usually indicates an adjective clauses .
v Pay attention to “Wish-Clause” structure.
If wish–clause is in Simple Present, Simple Present Continous and Present Future
Tense, verb must be in Simple Past Tense. If in Simple Past Tense, verb must be in Past Perfect Tense. Except this special usage, we must seek for meaning relations.
v Be aware of the antonymous statements.
v Pay attention to structure of “If Clauses“.
C. TRANSLATION
There are totaly 10 questions in this part. Five of them are Turkish–English
Translation and five of them are English–Turkish Translation,
v Pay attention to syntax properties.
In English sentence structure is generally like SUBJECT+OBJECT+VERB. In English–
Turkish Translation questions determine the given sentence‘s verb. Then eliminate the alternatives which does not state the determined verb . You will usually find the right answer.
Also determine the conjuction given in the question . Eliminate the alternatives which do
not include the determined conjuction.
v Pay attention to clauses.
The clauses including noun clauses, adjective clauses and adverb clauses are placed in
the beginning of the sentences in Turkish.
v Do not forget! Always paralel literature structure is being used.
Never comment on the given sentence. Never change the meaning of the given
sentence. In the alternatives the sentences with the same meaning with the given sentence but not the same structure will be placed. You must choose the sentence with the same meaning and the same structure with the given sentence. For example; suppose that “If you had not been driving the car so fast, we would not have had any accident“ is the given sentence. We must not translate this sentence like “Arabayı o kadar hızlı sürüyordun ki, kaza yaptık“ or “Arabayı o kadar hızlı sürmen kaza yapmamıza sebep oldu“. Instead we must translate like “(Eğer) Arabayı o kadar hızlı sürmüyor olsaydın, hiç kaza yapmazdık“.
D. PARAGRAPH COMPLETION
It is impossible to evaluate the candidates‘ writing skills by making them write a
paragraph. So writing skill is evaluated by two parts, “Paragraph Completion“ and “Irrelevant Sentences“. There are 6 questions in this part. The blank in the question may be in the beginning, in the middle or in the end.
v Be aware of the unity of the paragraph.
Nearly all paragraphs start with a topic sentence. Determined topic ideas and controlling
ideas follow this topic sentence. In other words the idea in the topic sentence is supported by the examples and the details in the following sentences, called minor supporting sentences. Then the writer may want to remind us the topic sentence by writing a concluding sentence including the repeated idea.
v Pay attention to coherence of paragraph.
There is a coherence between the sentences of a paragraph. This coherence may be
comperison, opposition, stress, explanation, essay,time and etc. There are adverbs, conjuctive adverbs, cojuctions, transition signals to state the coherence of the paragraph or the harmony between the sentences of the paragraph. So we can find the correct answer by seeking the relation between the sentences.
v Determine the subject of the given paragraph.
In English it is very common to find the subject of a paragraph by examining the first
sentence. You can find the right answer by eliminating the alternatives are not related with the subject of the given paragraph. Sometimes the first sentence may be asked. Then we first read all the paragraph. There is always generalization in the first sentence. So we must find a more general sentence than the alternatives.
v There may be some clues about the time harmony in the paragraph.
Pay attention to the time structures in the given paragraph. For example, if there are
some statements in Past Tense, the possibility of the other statements to be Past Tense is high. When you use the right answer in the paragraph there must be time harmony.
v Pay attention to the pronouns.
As known, the pronouns are used instead of nouns. Consider this and try to
determine the noun–pronoun harmony in the paragraph. You can eliminate the wrong alternatives not including the correct noun–pronoun harmony.
v Never forget that the subject of the paragraph narrows from top to bottom.
Never does a sentence contain a wide subject than the sentence before. However, if
there is some inferior subjects, we have to take an inferior subject as an independent paragraph.
v The words used for chronological and importance order are important clues.
Adverbs like “first, second, next, last and etc.“ show us the order of the sentence and
the conjuctions like “before, after, while, until, as soon as and etc.“ connect the sentences.
v To be sure, try to read the paragraph with the alternative you have decided to
choose if possible.
E. IRRELEVANT SENTENCES
There are 6 questions in this part and you are wanted to choose the inappropriate
sentence in the paragraph. An irrelevant sentence is added to each paragraph. You have to find it. The sentences in the question roots are numbered sentences.
v According to the paragraph unity determine the topic of the paragraph.
Every paragraph is written on only one topic. Define the topic by reading the sentences one by one.
v Determine the topic relation between the sentences.
Determine the sentences not related with the determined subject. The sentences
including a different subject or mentioned on the different dimension of the subject will not fit the framework of the paragraph.
v Pay attention to the usage of the pronouns and the words that the pronouns
refer.
Never forget that the pronouns are used of the words. Determine the words and
pronouns then eliminate the alternatives not including the noun–pronoun harmony.
v Time aggreement is one of the most important clues in a paragraph help us to understand the unity of the paragraph.
The verb of the wrong alternative will not fit the paragraph‘s verb time.
v Adverbs and conjuctions used between the sentences show us textual integrity and unity.
The words used for comparison, opposition, additional information, summary and giving
example are very important to help us to find the wrong alternative.
v Try to read the paragraph without the alternative you decided to choose if possible.
F. SITUATIONS
There are 6 questions in this part. To achieve this part you have to understand the
situation and the purpose.
v Determine the purpose and the function of the situation.
First, you have to understand the situation carefully. This will be a very important clue
for you to answer the question. For example, if the purpose is asking for permission, “may, can, could“ may be used. Yet never forget that some structures can be used for many different meanings. The point that you have to pay attention is to determine if the statement in the alternative you have chosen is suitable with the purpose.
v Determine the communicatonal index given in the speaking situation.
Mostly, there is a speaker and and a listener or audience in the questions. However there
are some exceptions. The statments which the writer expresses own feelings may be asked. What is important is to determine who you are talking to.
v Pay attention to formality of the situation.
Determine the formality of the situation. If the speech is between two close friends, the
right answer will be informal. In conference, on the other hand, the relation must be formal.
v Pay attention to contextual relevance.
The conclusion you are trying to draw must be the situations themselves. Never
comment on the situations .
v Pay attention to the quantity of the answer you are planning to choose .
The answer must contain all the expressions in the question, neither less nor more.
v Determine if there is a nonliteral communication in the question root.
There are some situations like overstatements, sarcasm or figurative speech that help us to determine how we express the feelings.
v Never forget the rules of courtesy.
Whatever the situation is, you have to be polite. Never use impolite or slang words.
G. DIALOG COMPLETION
As in situations in DIALOG COMPLETION part the speaking ability of nominees is
evaluating. There are 6 questions in this part. Usage of language has a special property of formality according to the closeness of the speakers.
v Determine the formality of the dialog.
The dialog between subordinates and superiors or the people who are not familiar with
other will be formal. On the other hand, the dialog between friends, family, neigbours and etc. will be informal.
v Be aware of the question types.
There are two types of questions, YES–NO QUESTIONS and WH- QUESTIONS. In
YES–NO QUESTIONS the answer may be YES as well as OF COURSE, CERTAINLY, SURE etc. In WH– QUETIONS, you have to pay attention to relations between information.
Note that “YES“ does not only use for answering but also for approving the others‘
thoughts.
v Pay attention to pronouns and pronoun references.
Be aware of the word that each pronoun refers to. You can eliminate alternatives which
does not fit the noun–pronoun harmony.
v Time aggreement may be a very important clue for you.
The tense of the question and the answer you are planning to choose must be in a
harmony. Never choose an answer with the Past Tense if the question is in Present Tense.
v Pay attention to the unity in the dialog.
There must be an integrity between the speech of each speaker. Same sentences of
of one speaker should not contain antonyms.
v Be sure of the relation between the sentences of the dialog.
Read the dialog with the answer you choose before you mark if possible.
H. RESTATEMENTS
There are 6 questions in this part. In the questions there are nearly all types of structures;
İf clauses, adjective, noun and adverb clauses, positive, comperative and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs, modals and expressions of quantity.
v Pay attention to semantic and functional dimension.
The given sentences may be expressed by many ways. For example;
Suppose that the given sentence is;
Ø “A mild heart attack may force a person to lead a less active life. “
We can see some sentences like the following;
Ø “It is possible/likely that a mild heart attack will force a person to lead a less active life. ”
Ø “There is possibility that a mild heart attack will/may force a person to lead a less active
life. ”
Ø “A mild heart attack is likely to require a person to lead a less active life. “
v Determine synonymous words and changes you can make.
For example, suppose that the given sentence is like;
Ø “ I happened to run into her on my way to cafeteria . “
In the given sentence “happen to“ means “by chance“ , “run into“ means “meet“ and
“on my way“ means “when going to somewhere“. So we can say the sentence in a different way like;
Ø “I met her by chance as I was going to cafeteria. “
v Pay attention to time aggreement.
Determine the time of the given sentence and immediately eliminate the alternatives not
providing the time harmony.
v Guess the meaning of unknown words by using structural and contextual clues.
You may guess the meaning of an unknown word by using prefixes, suffixes and by
thinking of the semantic structure.
v Pay attention to grammar structures in the given sentence.
Always there is parallel structures with the given sentence and the right alternative. There
are some examples including different grammar structures;
We may express;
Ø “If all of Africa are not evenly distrubuted throughout the continent, there would be only
26 people per square. “ like;
Ø “All the people of Africa are not evenly distrubuted throughout the continet so there are
more than 26 people per square kilometer. “
We may express
Ø “She wishes she had invited John to her birthday party. “ like;
Ø “She regrets not having invited John to her birthday party.” or
Ø “It is a pitty that she did not invite John to her bithday party . “
We may express
Ø “We need water for irrigation so that we can raise crops in regions that do not get
enough rain. “ like
Ø “We need water for irrigation (in order) to raise crops in regions which do not get
enough rain. “ or
Ø “Water is needed for irrigation (in order) to grow crops in regions where there is not
adequate rainfall. “ or
Ø “Water is a requirement to irrigate and farm crops in areas with insufficient rain. “
v Pay attention to subject harmon .
Determine the subject of the given sentence and eliminate alternatives not including the
same subject. Nonetheless there are exceptions. In passive sentences the subject may change.
İ. READING COMPREHENSION
There are 5 reading texts and 25 questions in this part. Reading comprehension part
focuses on the four following areas;
1.To find the main idea of the given paragraph .
2.Questions about the statements given openly on the paragraph.
3.Statements that the writer implies.
4.References or guessing the meaning questions.
v Never be afraid of paragraphs about various scientific subjects.
You are supposed to answer questions according to the given paragraph. You do not
need to be an expert on the subject. So just understand the paragraph. Never be anxious.
v Understand statements in the question roots .
For this part, grammar and vocabulary knowledge is important but first of all you have to
determine the type of the question. Then find the related parts in the paragraph and try to find the answer according to these statements.
v Read the first question about the paragraph.
Before starting to read the paragraph read the first question. So you will be more careful
and informed to find the answer.
v Read the paragraph carefully once.
You can read the first and the last sentence of a paragraph to understand it but in KPDS
you have to understand all information in the given paragraph. There are strategies like
-reading rapidly
-reading carefully
-return to the paragraph when answering the questions
But we do not recommend you to do like this . Instead we recommend this strategy;
-reading the paragraph carefully once
-return to the paragraph when answering the questions.
v Analyze the paragraph while reading.
Never forget that main idea of the paragraph is placed either on the topic sentence or on
the conclusion sentence. Determine in which form (comperative and etc.) the writer expresses feelings. Find the relation between the sentences. Try to understand how the points that the writer puts emphasis on effects the main idea and the result.
v Pay attention to structural clues and conjuctions.
Conjuctions are important clues showing us the relation between judgements and
statements.
v Do not focus on the date, time and etc.
You can answer the questions about date, time and etc. by returning the paragraph
easily. So do not focus on these subjects too much. Just underline the related words.
v Read each question root carefully related to the paragraph.
To understand the question type is very important to answer questions.
Never forget that among alternatives there will be a partially true alternative as well as the right answer.
v Answer questions according to the given paragraph.
Never choose an alternative because there are right statements in it according to your
thoughts and beliefs. Never give answers in accordence to your own knowledge. Try to find the right answer according to the information given in the paragraph.
v Eliminate wrong alternatives.
Eliminate alternatives that you think are wrong. Pay attention to alternatives that
include the same statements with the given paragraph but not giving the statements are asked. This is very popular way to make you choose a wrong alternative.
v Return to paragraph after examining the right alternative.
This is not a requirement if you have a strong memory and if you have understood the
paragraph carefully. But if you have some difficulty eliminating wrong alternatives you can return to paragraph and read it fast or read the related sections of the paragraph.
v In reference questions pay attention to words and statements that are used instead of words or statements from the paragraph.
Reference can be in two ways;
1.Linguistic Reference: It can be made by using only one word instead of a word or group of words. For example; “Jack saw the boy with the telescope. Robert also saw him.“. “him“ in the second sentence refers to “the boy with the telescope“.
2.Semantic Reference: This can be made by replacing the meaning of a word or a group of words on another word or group of words. For example “uncle“ means “the brother of mother“ , if we use mother’s brother instead of “uncle“ we make semantic reference.
v Pay attention to the kind of words.
Evaluate the word or group of words with their contexts, because words get their meanings form the forms and the contextual uses. For example, the meaning of ticket will be changed according to its use in sentences related with cinema or theater, and in sentences related with the traffic. “Ticket“ in a cinema will help you to watch cinema whereas “ticket“ in traffic means a kind of punishment .
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